Why This War?

vraevski

Valerii Shvets
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

 

“Oh Bohdan, Bohdanochko, had I known, I would have strangled you in your cradle, would have put you to sleep before you were born”.
“The Open Grave’”, by Taras Shevchenko (1843)

“We are one people” — the president of the neighboring state, who for the ninth year in a row has been trying to physically destroy Ukrainians and everything Ukrainian, shouts out to the whole world. “Ukraine and Ukrainians were invented by the leader of the world proletariat, Lenin”, — hired propagandists sing along to him. “Ukraine and Ukrainians were created by the Austrian General Staff in order to lay a time mine under the Russian Empire”, — Russian intellectuals nod respectfully with gray heads in confirmation of these words. This refers to the Western Ukraine’s becoming part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before the First World War.

The question of the origin of the Ukrainian people is of paramount importance primarily for the Ukrainian people themselves, their survival and their future in the armed struggle against the primordial enemy. Only by clarifying their historical roots, Ukrainians will be able to find their place in the modern world and lay the foundations for a decent existence. And they should rely on world science and domestic scientists. One of these is an outstanding archaeologist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Leonid Lvovych Zalizniak. His concept of the ethnic history of Ukraine is fully consistent with the current state of world science. Here are just some of its excerpts: Ukrainians are mostly descendants of the Slavs; the homeland of the Slavs is the territory between Kyiv and Krakow, which is located south of the Pripiat River and north of the Ukrainian forest-steppe (Galicia, Volyn and Polissia on the Ukrainian side of the Ukrainian-Polish border); Slavic tribes settled on these lands in the 5th century of the new era. In the following centuries, they settled in the territories of the future Slavic states of Europe.

The 5th century was decisive both in the fate of the Slavs and in the fate of most other tribes in Europe. In 476, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist. Before that, because of its weakening, the peoples of Europe began to move. They sought to settle either on the territory of the empire itself, or as close to it as possible, in order to make the most of the benefits of civilization created by it. Just at the end of the 5th century, the composition of the population stabilized in all corners of Europe.

In Eastern Europe, under the pressure of stronger tribes, the Slavs moved from Central Europe, where they came even earlier from the territory of Ukraine, which by most scientists is considered the cradle of all Indo-European peoples. These processes of resettlement did not affect only the population of Zalesie, the indigenous lands of present-day Muscovy, which at that time still lived in the Stone Age.

L. L. Zalizniak

The 5th century was the launching pad for the emergence of new state formations throughout almost the entire territory of Europe. Rus, as a state of Ukrainians, arose synchronously with other state formations to the west of it. Professor Leonid Zalizniak proposes to start counting Ukrainian history from that particular moment. This alone is enough to substantiate the depths of antiquity of our statehood and the indisputable right of Ukrainians to their independent state in the modern world, like other European nations.

What is the fault of this concept?

It does not allow to quantitatively describe the results of the migrations of peoples, as well as to understand the origin of the peoples themselves. Did the Slavs who settled on Ukrainian and Polish lands find wasteland here, or did other peoples already lived here? What is the ratio between new comers and indigenous people? Slavic language, where does it come from? Does it have a basic, characteristic for it, vocabulary? Are Slavs carriers of some unique genetic tag, or are they descendants of other tribes that had such a characteristic tag? This approach also does not allow us to understand the fundamental mental difference between Ukrainians and Muscovites, since Ukrainians, according to this concept, only a few centuries earlier than the Russians entered the world political arena, founding the state of Rus.

Now for the genetic marker. The ideal mark is the basic haplogroup-mutation of the male Y chromosome. When the people on the Earth were few, for the most part such a mutation characterized a separate ethnic group. In particular, haplogroup T was common to natives from ancient Eritrea (Northeast Africa); Q — from Siberia (Huns); G — from the Caucasus, J2 — from ancient Mesopotamia (Sumer, Acadian, Babylon, Assyria), I1 — from Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway), R1b — from the far west of Europe (the Celts), E1b1b — from northwestern Africa (Berbers or Moors); N — from the far north of Eurasia (in Europe, the Finns and other Baltic peoples); R1a — natives of the steppe zone of Euro-Asia (Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians); I2 — migrants from the Balkans, and before that from the Middle East (Trypillians). Here I gave only haplogroups, peculiar to at least 1 % of Ukrainians.

An outstanding Ukrainian scientist, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Kostiantyn Mykolaiovych Tyshchenko is now actively advocating the study of the genesis of the Ukrainian people on the basis of its characteristic haplogroups. This will allow us to find out whether we are really descendants of the Trypillian tribes that appeared on the territory of Ukraine about 5500 years before the new era. It was those tribes that created a unique agricultural civilization here. It developed in parallel with the oldest civilization in the world — Sumerian. Ukraine then had the world’s largest proto-cities with a population of up to 20 thousand people. It can be argued that the accelerated civilizational development of the Ukrainian lands began with the arrival of the Trypillians. And what happened on the territory of the future Muscovy? There, until the emergence of Russia, the population had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, the Stone Age reigned and cannibalism flourished.

К. М. Tyshchenko

Trypillia agricultural culture occupied most of right-bank Ukraine. The genetic marker of the Trypillian population of Ukraine was haplogroup I2. The highest density of agricultural Trypillia population is in the Balkans and Western Ukraine. And even today, thousands of years later, this distribution of the population according to this haplogroup remains unchanged.

The Trypillian civilization is credited with many significant inventions in the history of mankind: the potter’s wheel, the wheel, taming horses, etc. The last thousand years of its existence, it used bronze tools and weapons, but, unlike the Sumerians, did not have time to create its own writing, its own centralized state, so nothing is known about their language. Its progressive development at the turn of the fourth and third millennia BC ceases. The explanation for this: global climate change in the world. The climate on the territory of Ukraine has become drier. Southern and central parts of Ukraine turned into a steppe, unsuitable for agriculture of that time. The population of Ukraine decreased significantly, one part of it was forced to move to the north, where forests were preserved, and the other switched to cattle breeding. New and spacious steppes stretched from modern Mongolia all the way to the Carpathians.

Cattle breeding assumed a mass movement of the population. The consequence of this was the arrival in the Ukrainian steppes first of Iranian-speaking Cimmerians, and in the 7th century BC — of the Scythians. These nomads had haplogroup R1a as a genetic marker. Little is known about the Cimmerians from Greek written sources, but quite a lot is known about the Scythians. Scythian tribes created their own state called Great Scythia. That state existed in the 6th and 5th centuries BC and stretched from the Danube to the Don, and at the same distance from the shores of the Black Sea to the north, significantly moving beyond the territory of modern Ukraine. In fact, the Scythians started the statehood tradition in the Ukrainian lands. I should point out that the Scythians roamed the vast expanses of Euro-Asia, but only on Ukrainian lands founded their first state.

In 514 BC to the territory of Great Scythia there came the army of the most powerful empire of the then world — Persia, led by the most prominent commander of those times, King Darius the Great. Traditionally it was believed that the Persians could not overcome the Scythians, but now more and more evidence is gaining the thesis that as a result of that campaign, Great Scythia became the 24th satrapy (province) of the Great Persian Empire. In particular, this point of view is actively developed by Professor Kostiantyn Tyshchenko. Thus, the statehood tradition in the Ukrainian lands continued. This tradition did not stop in the future, with the arrival here of Iranian-speaking Sarmatians, related to the Scythians, who created on the same territory already the Sarmatian union of tribes. The Sarmatians were also carriers of haplogroup R1a. Ukraine has experienced about 15 nomadic invasions in its history. Some of them founded regular states on our land. Only Rus became here the first state that emerged on the basis of the agricultural population.

However, it was the Sarmatians who left the deepest mark in Ukraine’s history. For more than a thousand years ahead, Ukrainians were called Roksolans, one of the largest Sarmatian tribes. This name was used even more often than the Ruthenians, which many researchers associate with the name of another large Sarmatian tribe — the Aorsi. It was from the Sarmatians that the Polish nobility and Ukrainian Cossacks derived their ancestry. And the high concentration of haplogroup R1a among Poles, even higher than among Ukrainians, is a rather convincing argument in favor of this origin of the nobility — the elite of the Polish society.

And how many professional historians scoffed at this thesis!

So, for two peoples: Ukrainians and Poles, the unifying factor is not only the common ancestral homeland of the Slavs, but also the Sarmatians’ decisive influence on their formation. Unfortunately, it was not possible to associate a specific genetic marker with the Slavs. Therefore, in the future we will talk only about the haplogroups existing in Ukraine. According to Kostiantyn Tyshchenko, the descendants of Trypillians (I2) and Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians (R1a) make up about 70 % in the population of Ukraine and divide these percentages approximately in half. The rest of the haplogroups account for only 30 % of the population.

Determining a person’s haplogroup is a rather costly procedure, 100 times more expensive than finding out the blood group. Therefore, the samples on the basis of which estimates are made mostly number only tens and hundreds of people, instead of tens and hundreds of thousands necessary to achieve high accuracy of the relevant estimates. Nevertheless, this method has the future, although today the errors in its use can exceed tens of percent. Currently, a more reliable tool for determining the kinship of peoples is the analysis of the blood formula. The disadvantage of this method is that, determining the level of kinship of peoples, it does not make it possible to understand the nature of this kinship.

Conclusions

  1. Ukrainians, first of all, are descendants of two ancient ethnic groups: Trypillians and Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians.
  2. Intensive civilizational development of our land at the level of the oldest civilizations of the world began with the arrival of Trypillian tribes to our land in the 6thmillennium BC.
  3. The population of Ukraine entered the Bronze Age in the 4thmillennium BC.
  4. The continuous state-building process in our land was initiated by the Scythians in the 7thcentury BC.
  5. In the 5thcentury of the new era, the population of the indigenous lands of the future Muscovy was still engaged only in hunting, fishing and gathering and was living in the Stone Age. According to Greek written sources, those people were cannibals.
  6. To reach a high level of morality, in particular to develop such virtues as: conscience, honor, honesty, humanity, benevolence, diligence, etc., takes millennia of civilizational development. Ukrainians have these millennia of their own glorious history behind them.
  7. The civilizational gap of many thousands of years makes unnatural the existence of these two peoples within the borders of one state and explains all the bloody acts of genocide of the Ukrainian people during the existence of the Soviet Union. Even within independent states with a common border, there remains a danger for Ukrainians. As evidenced by the current Russian-Ukrainian war, the responsibility for which lies entirely with the Russians.
  8. Our closest genetic relatives, according to the blood formula, are the following peoples: Macedonians, Serbs, Poles, Croats, Albanians, Belarusians, Latvians, Slovenes, Bosnians. The kinship of these peoples with us is superior or as much as the kinship of the North and South Koreans, for whom there is no doubt that they are one people. The territories of residence of these peoples mostly coincide with the territories of the greatest distribution of the Trypillian tribes, in particular in the Balkans. There are no Russians among our relatives.
  9. As for Ukrainians and Poles, their kinship is much higher than that of North and South Koreans.

The full article you can read in the “BINTEL” Geopolitical Analytics Journal

 

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